Immunological memory is a hallmark feature of the adaptive immune system, providing superior protection against re-infection with previously encountered pathogens. Memory in CD8+ T cells is characterised by rapid effector ...

The scientific advance of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has revolutionised the field of microbiology, with the ability to examine, characterise and compare organisms at a DNA sequence level. In recent years, the improving ...

The use of subunit antigens in modern vaccines generally requires the addition of an adjuvant due to the lack of immunostimulatory features that would otherwise allow them to induce strong immune responses. A problem facing ...

An effective prophylactic vaccine for HIV will likely require the elicitation of neutralising antibodies directed towards the Envelope protein (Env) of HIV. In particular, broadly neutralising antibodies (bNAbs) capable ...

Human noroviruses (HuNoV) cause the majority of non-bacterial gastroenteritis cases worldwide and generate an economic burden of 60 billion USD every year. Noroviruses are highly infectious and predominantly cause issues ...

A prophylactic vaccine eliciting broadly neutralising antibody (bNAb) responses against HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) would be optimal to prevent HIV-1 transmission. Replication incompetent HIV-1 virus-like particles ...

The entry of HIV-1 into cells is facilitated by its envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41 (Env) that exist as a non-covalently associated trimer of heterodimers on the surface of virions. gp120 forms the outer layer and ...

Salmonella enterica is a Gram-negative intracellular pathogen, which can cause typhoid fever and non-typhoidal salmonellosis. Every year ~22 million cases and ~200,000 deaths are reported for typhoid fever and ~93 million ...

The segmented nature of the influenza genome allows the virus to undergo reassortment (gene swapping) upon co-infection of a single cell. This process is a major contributing factor to the emergence of novel pandemic strains ...

Legionella pneumophila is an environmental organism that can become accidental bacterial pathogen when inhaled into the lungs of humans. On entering the lungs, L. pneumophila is phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages. ...