Nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-containing (NOD) receptor 2 (NOD2) is a critical intracellular sentinel for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria through the recognition of the bacterial cell wall component ...

The detection of aberrant cells by natural killer (NK) cells is controlled by the integration of signals from activating and inhibitory receptors and from cytokines such as IL-15. The ability to recognise tumour cells in ...

The BCL-2 family proteins BAK and BAX are the executioners of intrinsic apoptosis. Following activation by BH3-only proteins, they undergo structural rearrangements that promote their homo-dimerization and subsequent ...

Paediatric cancer initiation is difficult to study because the early stages are often prenatal. Patient cells at the time of detection already have complex genetic (including epigenetic) changes, and the cancer cell ...

Apoptosis is a tightly regulated process and is responsible for maintaining tissue homeostasis, controlling cell numbers and the elimination of damaged or unwanted cells. Intrinsic apoptosis, also known as the mitochondrial ...

Apoptosis is important for the development and maintenance of a healthy immune system. The intrinsic apoptotic pathway is regulated by the BCL-2 family of proteins, which consists of both pro-survival and pro-apoptotic ...

The insulin receptor (IR) and Type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) are homodimeric α2β2 receptor tyrosine kinases. While both IR and IGF-1R possess high affinity for their cognate ligands (insulin, and IGF-I ...

The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii infects approximately 30% of the human population. Acute infection is generally controlled by a competent immune system; however, Toxoplasma is able to differentiate into latent ...

T. gondii is amongst the most common human pathogens, chronically infecting more than 30% of the human population. T. gondii has a complex life cycle, often spanning multiple hosts. T. gondii parasites invade target host ...

Inflammasomes are a family of innate immune signalling platforms that are activated in response to tissue damage or infection. Inflammasome stimulation results in activation of the inflammatory protease caspase-1, which ...