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    Licensed Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) formulations differ markedly in bacterial viability, RNA content and innate immune activation

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    Author
    Angelidou, A; Conti, M-G; Diray-Arce, J; Benn, CS; Shann, F; Netea, MG; Liu, M; Potluri, LP; Sanchez-Schmitz, G; Husson, R; ...
    Date
    2020-02-24
    Source Title
    Vaccine
    Publisher
    ELSEVIER SCI LTD
    University of Melbourne Author/s
    Shann, Frank
    Affiliation
    Paediatrics (RCH)
    Metadata
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    Document Type
    Journal Article
    Citations
    Angelidou, A., Conti, M. -G., Diray-Arce, J., Benn, C. S., Shann, F., Netea, M. G., Liu, M., Potluri, L. P., Sanchez-Schmitz, G., Husson, R., Ozonoff, A., Kampmann, B., van Haren, S. D. & Levy, O. (2020). Licensed Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) formulations differ markedly in bacterial viability, RNA content and innate immune activation. VACCINE, 38 (9), pp.2229-2240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.11.060.
    Access Status
    Open Access
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/11343/251444
    DOI
    10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.11.060
    Abstract
    BACKGROUND: Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the live attenuated tuberculosis vaccine, is manufactured under different conditions across the globe generating formulations that may differ in clinical efficacy. Innate immune recognition of live BCG contributes to immunogenicity suggesting that differences in BCG viability may contribute to divergent activity of licensed formulations. METHODS: We compared BCG-Denmark (DEN), -Japan (JPN), -India (IND), -Bulgaria (BUL) and -USA in vitro with respect to a) viability as measured by colony-forming units (CFU), mycobacterial membrane integrity, and RNA content, and b) cytokine/chemokine production in newborn cord and adult peripheral blood. RESULTS: Upon culture, relative growth was BCG-USA > JPN ≫ DEN > BUL = IND. BCG-IND and -BUL demonstrated >1000-fold lower growth than BCG-JPN in 7H9 medium and >10-fold lower growth in commercial Middlebrook 7H11 medium. BCG-IND demonstrated significantly decreased membrane integrity, lower RNA content, and weaker IFN-γ inducing activity in whole blood compared to other BCGs. BCG-induced whole blood cytokines differed significantly by age, vaccine formulation and concentration. BCG-induced cytokine production correlated with CFU, suggesting that mycobacterial viability may contribute to BCG-induced immune responses. CONCLUSIONS: Licensed BCG vaccines differ markedly in their content of viable mycobacteria possibly contributing to formulation-dependent activation of innate and adaptive immunity and distinct protective effects.

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