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    Lactose intolerance and gastrointestinal cow's milk allergy in infants and children - common misconceptions revisited

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    Author
    Heine, RG; AlRefaee, F; Bachina, P; De Leon, JC; Geng, L; Gong, S; Armando Madrazo, J; Ngamphaiboon, J; Ong, C; Rogacion, JM
    Date
    2017-12-12
    Source Title
    The World Allergy Organization Journal
    Publisher
    ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
    University of Melbourne Author/s
    Heine, Ralf
    Affiliation
    Paediatrics (RCH)
    Metadata
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    Document Type
    Journal Article
    Citations
    Heine, R. G., AlRefaee, F., Bachina, P., De Leon, J. C., Geng, L., Gong, S., Armando Madrazo, J., Ngamphaiboon, J., Ong, C. & Rogacion, J. M. (2017). Lactose intolerance and gastrointestinal cow's milk allergy in infants and children - common misconceptions revisited. WORLD ALLERGY ORGANIZATION JOURNAL, 10 (1), https://doi.org/10.1186/s40413-017-0173-0.
    Access Status
    Open Access
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/11343/255540
    DOI
    10.1186/s40413-017-0173-0
    Abstract
    Lactose is the main carbohydrate in human and mammalian milk. Lactose requires enzymatic hydrolysis by lactase into D-glucose and D-galactose before it can be absorbed. Term infants express sufficient lactase to digest about one liter of breast milk daily. Physiological lactose malabsorption in infancy confers beneficial prebiotic effects, including the establishment of Bifidobacterium-rich fecal microbiota. In many populations, lactase levels decline after weaning (lactase non-persistence; LNP). LNP affects about 70% of the world's population and is the physiological basis for primary lactose intolerance (LI). Persistence of lactase beyond infancy is linked to several single nucleotide polymorphisms in the lactase gene promoter region on chromosome 2. Primary LI generally does not manifest clinically before 5 years of age. LI in young children is typically caused by underlying gut conditions, such as viral gastroenteritis, giardiasis, cow's milk enteropathy, celiac disease or Crohn's disease. Therefore, LI in childhood is mostly transient and improves with resolution of the underlying pathology. There is ongoing confusion between LI and cow's milk allergy (CMA) which still leads to misdiagnosis and inappropriate dietary management. In addition, perceived LI may cause unnecessary milk restriction and adverse nutritional outcomes. The treatment of LI involves the reduction, but not complete elimination, of lactose-containing foods. By contrast, breastfed infants with suspected CMA should undergo a trial of a strict cow's milk protein-free maternal elimination diet. If the infant is not breastfed, an extensively hydrolyzed or amino acid-based formula and strict cow's milk avoidance are the standard treatment for CMA. The majority of infants with CMA can tolerate lactose, except when an enteropathy with secondary lactase deficiency is present.

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