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    Structure-Function Analyses of Human Kallikrein-related Peptidase 2 Establish the 99-Loop as Master Regulator of Activity

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    Author
    Skala, W; Utzschneider, DT; Magdolen, V; Debela, M; Guo, S; Craik, CS; Brandstetter, H; Goettig, P
    Date
    2014-12-05
    Source Title
    Journal of Biological Chemistry
    Publisher
    AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC
    University of Melbourne Author/s
    Utzschneider, Daniel
    Affiliation
    Microbiology and Immunology
    Metadata
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    Document Type
    Journal Article
    Citations
    Skala, W., Utzschneider, D. T., Magdolen, V., Debela, M., Guo, S., Craik, C. S., Brandstetter, H. & Goettig, P. (2014). Structure-Function Analyses of Human Kallikrein-related Peptidase 2 Establish the 99-Loop as Master Regulator of Activity. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, 289 (49), pp.34267-34283. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M114.598201.
    Access Status
    Open Access
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/11343/256005
    DOI
    10.1074/jbc.M114.598201
    Abstract
    Human kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (KLK2) is a tryptic serine protease predominantly expressed in prostatic tissue and secreted into prostatic fluid, a major component of seminal fluid. Most likely it activates and complements chymotryptic KLK3 (prostate-specific antigen) in cleaving seminal clotting proteins, resulting in sperm liquefaction. KLK2 belongs to the "classical" KLKs 1-3, which share an extended 99- or kallikrein loop near their non-primed substrate binding site. Here, we report the 1.9 Å crystal structures of two KLK2-small molecule inhibitor complexes. In both structures discontinuous electron density for the 99-loop indicates that this loop is largely disordered. We provide evidence that the 99-loop is responsible for two biochemical peculiarities of KLK2, i.e. reversible inhibition by micromolar Zn(2+) concentrations and permanent inactivation by autocatalytic cleavage. Indeed, several 99-loop mutants of KLK2 displayed an altered susceptibility to Zn(2+), which located the Zn(2+) binding site at the 99-loop/active site interface. In addition, we identified an autolysis site between residues 95e and 95f in the 99-loop, whose elimination prevented the mature enzyme from limited autolysis and irreversible inactivation. An exhaustive comparison of KLK2 with related structures revealed that in the KLK family the 99-, 148-, and 220-loop exist in open and closed conformations, allowing or preventing substrate access, which extends the concept of conformational selection in trypsin-related proteases. Taken together, our novel biochemical and structural data on KLK2 identify its 99-loop as a key player in activity regulation.

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