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    Response time variability under slow and fast-incentive conditions in children with ASD, ADHD and ASD plus ADHD

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    Author
    Tye, C; Johnson, KA; Kelly, SP; Asherson, P; Kuntsi, J; Ashwood, KL; Azadi, B; Bolton, P; McLoughlin, G
    Date
    2016-12-01
    Source Title
    Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
    Publisher
    WILEY-BLACKWELL
    University of Melbourne Author/s
    Johnson, Katherine
    Affiliation
    Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences
    Metadata
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    Document Type
    Journal Article
    Citations
    Tye, C., Johnson, K. A., Kelly, S. P., Asherson, P., Kuntsi, J., Ashwood, K. L., Azadi, B., Bolton, P. & McLoughlin, G. (2016). Response time variability under slow and fast-incentive conditions in children with ASD, ADHD and ASD plus ADHD. JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY, 57 (12), pp.1414-1423. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12608.
    Access Status
    Open Access
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/11343/256409
    DOI
    10.1111/jcpp.12608
    Abstract
    BACKGROUND: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show significant behavioural and genetic overlap. Both ADHD and ASD are characterised by poor performance on a range of cognitive tasks. In particular, increased response time variability (RTV) is a promising indicator of risk for both ADHD and ASD. However, it is not clear whether different indices of RTV and changes to RTV according to task conditions are able to discriminate between the two disorders. METHODS: Children with ASD (n = 19), ADHD (n = 18), ASD + ADHD (n = 29) and typically developing controls (TDC; n = 26) performed a four-choice RT task with slow-baseline and fast-incentive conditions. Performance was characterised by mean RT (MRT), standard deviation of RT (SD-RT), coefficient of variation (CV) and ex-Gaussian distribution measures of Mu, Sigma and Tau. RESULTS: In the slow-baseline condition, categorical diagnoses and trait measures converged to indicate that children with ADHD-only and ASD + ADHD demonstrated increased MRT, SD-RT, CV and Tau compared to TDC and ASD-only. Importantly, greater improvement in MRT, SD-RT and Tau was demonstrated in ADHD and ASD + ADHD from slow-baseline to fast-incentive conditions compared to TDC and ASD-only. CONCLUSIONS: Slower and more variable RTs are markers of ADHD compared to ASD and typically developing controls during slow and less rewarding conditions. Energetic factors and rewards improve task performance to a greater extent in children with ADHD compared to children with ASD. These findings suggest that RTV can be distinguished in ASD, ADHD and ASD + ADHD based on the indices of variability used and the conditions in which they are elicited. Further work identifying neural processes underlying increased RTV is warranted, in order to elucidate disorder-specific and disorder-convergent aetiological pathways.

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