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    Enter the Dragon: The Dynamic and Multifunctional Evolution of Anguimorpha Lizard Venoms

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    Author
    Koludarov, I; Jackson, TNW; den Brouw, BO; Dobson, J; Dashevsky, D; Arbuckle, K; Clemente, CJ; Stockdale, EJ; Cochran, C; Debono, J; ...
    Date
    2017-08-01
    Source Title
    Toxins
    Publisher
    MDPI
    University of Melbourne Author/s
    Jackson, Timothy
    Affiliation
    Pharmacology and Therapeutics
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Document Type
    Journal Article
    Citations
    Koludarov, I., Jackson, T. N. W., den Brouw, B. O., Dobson, J., Dashevsky, D., Arbuckle, K., Clemente, C. J., Stockdale, E. J., Cochran, C., Debono, J., Stephens, C., Panagides, N., Li, B., Manchadi, M. -L. R., Violette, A., Fourmy, R., Hendrikx, I., Nouwens, A., Clements, J. ,... Fry, B. G. (2017). Enter the Dragon: The Dynamic and Multifunctional Evolution of Anguimorpha Lizard Venoms. TOXINS, 9 (8), https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9080242.
    Access Status
    Open Access
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/11343/256601
    DOI
    10.3390/toxins9080242
    Abstract
    While snake venoms have been the subject of intense study, comparatively little work has been done on lizard venoms. In this study, we have examined the structural and functional diversification of anguimorph lizard venoms and associated toxins, and related these results to dentition and predatory ecology. Venom composition was shown to be highly variable across the 20 species of Heloderma, Lanthanotus, and Varanus included in our study. While kallikrein enzymes were ubiquitous, they were also a particularly multifunctional toxin type, with differential activities on enzyme substrates and also ability to degrade alpha or beta chains of fibrinogen that reflects structural variability. Examination of other toxin types also revealed similar variability in their presence and activity levels. The high level of venom chemistry variation in varanid lizards compared to that of helodermatid lizards suggests that venom may be subject to different selection pressures in these two families. These results not only contribute to our understanding of venom evolution but also reveal anguimorph lizard venoms to be rich sources of novel bioactive molecules with potential as drug design and development lead compounds.

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