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    Buses, Cars, Bicycles and Walkers The Influence of the Type of Human Transport on the Flight Responses of Waterbirds

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    Author
    McLeod, EM; Guay, P-J; Taysom, AJ; Robinson, RW; Weston, MA
    Date
    2013-12-18
    Source Title
    PLoS One
    Publisher
    PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE
    University of Melbourne Author/s
    McLeod, Emily
    Affiliation
    Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences
    Metadata
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    Document Type
    Journal Article
    Citations
    McLeod, E. M., Guay, P. -J., Taysom, A. J., Robinson, R. W. & Weston, M. A. (2013). Buses, Cars, Bicycles and Walkers The Influence of the Type of Human Transport on the Flight Responses of Waterbirds. PLOS ONE, 8 (12), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082008.
    Access Status
    Open Access
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/11343/256687
    DOI
    10.1371/journal.pone.0082008
    Abstract
    One way to manage disturbance to waterbirds in natural areas where humans require access is to promote the occurrence of stimuli for which birds tolerate closer approaches, and so cause fewer responses. We conducted 730 experimental approaches to 39 species of waterbird, using five stimulus types (single walker, three walkers, bicycle, car and bus) selected to mimic different human management options available for a controlled access, Ramsar-listed wetland. Across species, where differences existed (56% of 25 cases), motor vehicles always evoked shorter flight-initiation distances (FID) than humans on foot. The influence of stimulus type on FID varied across four species for which enough data were available for complete cross-stimulus analysis. All four varied FID in relation to stimuli, differing in 4 to 7 of 10 possible comparisons. Where differences occurred, the effect size was generally modest, suggesting that managing stimulus type (e.g. by requiring people to use vehicles) may have species-specific, modest benefits, at least for the waterbirds we studied. However, different stimulus types have different capacities to reduce the frequency of disturbance (i.e. by carrying more people) and vary in their capacity to travel around important habitat.

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