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    Modulation of paracrine signaling by CD9 positive small extracellular vesicles mediates cellular growth of androgen deprived prostate cancer

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    Author
    Soekmadji, C; Riches, JD; Russell, PJ; Ruelcke, JE; McPherson, S; Wang, C; Hovens, CM; Corcoran, NM; Hill, MM; Nelson, CC
    Date
    2017-08-08
    Source Title
    Oncotarget
    Publisher
    IMPACT JOURNALS LLC
    University of Melbourne Author/s
    Hovens, Christopher; Corcoran, Niall
    Affiliation
    Surgery (RMH)
    Metadata
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    Document Type
    Journal Article
    Citations
    Soekmadji, C., Riches, J. D., Russell, P. J., Ruelcke, J. E., McPherson, S., Wang, C., Hovens, C. M., Corcoran, N. M., Hill, M. M. & Nelson, C. C. (2017). Modulation of paracrine signaling by CD9 positive small extracellular vesicles mediates cellular growth of androgen deprived prostate cancer. ONCOTARGET, 8 (32), pp.52237-52255. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.11111.
    Access Status
    Open Access
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/11343/256981
    DOI
    10.18632/oncotarget.11111
    Abstract
    Proliferation and maintenance of both normal and prostate cancer (PCa) cells is highly regulated by steroid hormones, particularly androgens, and the extracellular environment. Herein, we identify the secretion of CD9 positive extracellular vesicles (EV) by LNCaP and DUCaP PCa cells in response to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and use nano-LC-MS/MS to identify the proteins present in these EV. Subsequent bioinformatic and pathway analyses of the mass spectrometry data identified pathologically relevant pathways that may be altered by EV contents. Western blot and CD9 EV TR-FIA assay confirmed a specific increase in the amount of CD9 positive EV in DHT-treated LNCaP and DUCaP cells and treatment of cells with EV enriched with CD9 after DHT exposure can induce proliferation in androgen-deprived conditions. siRNA knockdown of endogenous CD9 in LNCaPs reduced cellular proliferation and expression of AR and prostate specific antigen (PSA) however knockdown of AR did not alter CD9 expression, also implicating CD9 as an upstream regulator of AR. Moreover CD9 positive EV were also found to be significantly higher in plasma from prostate cancer patients in comparison with benign prostatic hyperplasia patients. We conclude that CD9 positive EV are involved in mediating paracrine signalling and contributing toward prostate cancer progression.

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