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    Prevalence of and reasons for women's, family members', and health professionals' preferences for cesarean section in Iran: a mixed-methods systematic review

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    Author
    Shirzad, M; Shakibazadeh, E; Hajimiri, K; Betran, AP; Jahanfar, S; Bohren, MA; Opiyo, N; Long, Q; Kingdon, C; Colomar, M; ...
    Date
    2021-01-02
    Source Title
    Reproductive Health
    Publisher
    BMC
    University of Melbourne Author/s
    Bohren, Meghan
    Affiliation
    Melbourne School of Population and Global Health
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Document Type
    Journal Article
    Citations
    Shirzad, M., Shakibazadeh, E., Hajimiri, K., Betran, A. P., Jahanfar, S., Bohren, M. A., Opiyo, N., Long, Q., Kingdon, C., Colomar, M. & Abedini, M. (2021). Prevalence of and reasons for women's, family members', and health professionals' preferences for cesarean section in Iran: a mixed-methods systematic review. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, 18 (1), https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-020-01047-x.
    Access Status
    Open Access
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/11343/258727
    DOI
    10.1186/s12978-020-01047-x
    Open Access at PMC
    http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7778821
    Abstract
    BACKGROUND: Cesarean section (CS) rates have been increasing globally. Iran has one of the highest CS rates in the world (47.9%). This review was conducted to assess the prevalence of and reasons for women's, family members', and health professionals' preferences for CS in Iran. METHODS AND FINDINGS: In this mixed-methods systematic review, we searched MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, POPLINE, PsycINFO, Global Health Library, Google scholar; as well as Iranian scientific databases including SID, and Magiran from 1 January 1990 to 8th October 2019. Primary quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies that had been conducted in Iran with Persian or English languages were included. Meta-analysis of quantitative studies was conducted by extracting data from 65 cross-sectional, longitudinal, and baseline measurements of interventional studies. For meta-synthesis, we used 26 qualitative studies with designs such as ethnography, phenomenology, case studies, and grounded theory. The Review Manager Version 5.3 and the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software were used for meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Results showed that 5.46% of nulliparous women (95% CI 5.38-5.50%; χ2 = 1117.39; df = 28 [p < 0.00001]; I2 = 97%) preferred a CS mode of delivery. Results of subgroup analysis based on the time of pregnancy showed that proportions of preference for CS reported by women were 5.94% (95% CI 5.86-5.99%) in early and middle pregnancy, and 3.81% (95% CI 3.74-3.83%), in late pregnancy. The heterogeneity was high in this review. Most women were pregnant, regardless of their parity; the risk level of participants were unknown, and some Persian publications were appraised as low in quality. A combined inductive and deductive approach was used to synthesis the qualitative data, and CERQual was used to assess confidence in the findings. Meta-synthesis generated 10 emerging themes and three final themes: 'Women's factors', 'Health professional factors', andex 'Health organization, facility, or system factors'. CONCLUSION: Despite low preference for CS among women, CS rates are still so high. This implies the role of factors beyond the individual will. We identified a multiple individual, health facility, and health system factors which affected the preference for CS in Iran. Numerous attempts were made in recent years to design, test and implement interventions to decrease unnecessary CS in Iran, such as mother-friendly hospitals, standard protocols for labor and birth, preparation classes for women, midwives, and gynaecologists, and workshops for specialists and midwives through the "health sector evolution policy". Although these programs were effective, high rates of CS persist and more efforts are needed to optimize the use of CS.

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