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    Necroptosis and ferroptosis are alternative cell death pathways that operate in acute kidney failure

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    Author
    Mueller, T; Dewitz, C; Schmitz, J; Schroeder, AS; Braesen, JH; Stockwell, BR; Murphy, JM; Kunzendorf, U; Krautwald, S
    Date
    2017-10-01
    Source Title
    Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
    Publisher
    SPRINGER BASEL AG
    University of Melbourne Author/s
    Murphy, James
    Affiliation
    Medical Biology (W.E.H.I.)
    Metadata
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    Document Type
    Journal Article
    Citations
    Mueller, T., Dewitz, C., Schmitz, J., Schroeder, A. S., Braesen, J. H., Stockwell, B. R., Murphy, J. M., Kunzendorf, U. & Krautwald, S. (2017). Necroptosis and ferroptosis are alternative cell death pathways that operate in acute kidney failure. CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES, 74 (19), pp.3631-3645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-017-2547-4.
    Access Status
    Open Access
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/11343/259426
    DOI
    10.1007/s00018-017-2547-4
    Abstract
    Ferroptosis is a recently recognized caspase-independent form of regulated cell death that is characterized by the accumulation of lethal lipid ROS produced through iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Considering that regulation of fatty acid metabolism is responsible for the membrane-resident pool of oxidizable fatty acids that undergo lipid peroxidation in ferroptotic processes, we examined the contribution of the key fatty acid metabolism enzyme, acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4), in regulating ferroptosis. By using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we found that knockout of Acsl4 in ferroptosis-sensitive murine and human cells conferred protection from erastin- and RSL3-induced cell death. In the same cell types, deletion of mixed lineage kinase domain-like (Mlkl) blocked susceptibility to necroptosis, as expected. Surprisingly, these studies also revealed ferroptosis and necroptosis are alternative, in that resistance to one pathway sensitized cells to death via the other pathway. These data suggest a mechanism by which one regulated necrosis pathway compensates for another when either ferroptosis or necroptosis is compromised. We verified the synergistic contributions of ferroptosis and necroptosis to tissue damage during acute organ failure in vivo. Interestingly, in the course of pathophysiological acute ischemic kidney injury, ACSL4 was initially upregulated and its expression level correlated with the severity of tissue damage. Together, our findings reveal ACSL4 to be a reliable biomarker of the emerging cell death modality of ferroptosis, which may also serve as a novel therapeutic target in preventing pathological cell death processes.

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