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    Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: State of the science for organic contaminants

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    Author
    Lydy, MJ; Landrum, PF; Oen, AMP; Allinson, M; Smedes, F; Harwood, AD; Li, H; Maruya, KA; Liu, J
    Date
    2014-04-01
    Source Title
    Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management
    Publisher
    WILEY
    University of Melbourne Author/s
    Allinson, Mayumi
    Affiliation
    Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
    Metadata
    Show full item record
    Document Type
    Journal Article
    Citations
    Lydy, M. J., Landrum, P. F., Oen, A. M. P., Allinson, M., Smedes, F., Harwood, A. D., Li, H., Maruya, K. A. & Liu, J. (2014). Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: State of the science for organic contaminants. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT, 10 (2), pp.167-178. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1503.
    Access Status
    Open Access
    URI
    http://hdl.handle.net/11343/262939
    DOI
    10.1002/ieam.1503
    Abstract
    This manuscript surveys the literature on passive sampler methods (PSMs) used in contaminated sediments to assess the chemical activity of organic contaminants. The chemical activity in turn dictates the reactivity and bioavailability of contaminants in sediment. Approaches to measure specific binding of compounds to sediment components, for example, amorphous carbon or specific types of reduced carbon, and the associated partition coefficients are difficult to determine, particularly for native sediment. Thus, the development of PSMs that represent the chemical activity of complex compound-sediment interactions, expressed as the freely dissolved contaminant concentration in porewater (Cfree ), offer a better proxy for endpoints of concern, such as reactivity, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Passive sampling methods have estimated Cfree using both kinetic and equilibrium operating modes and used various polymers as the sorbing phase, for example, polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylene, and polyoxymethylene in various configurations, such as sheets, coated fibers, or vials containing thin films. These PSMs have been applied in laboratory exposures and field deployments covering a variety of spatial and temporal scales. A wide range of calibration conditions exist in the literature to estimate Cfree , but consensus values have not been established. The most critical criteria are the partition coefficient between water and the polymer phase and the equilibrium status of the sampler. In addition, the PSM must not appreciably deplete Cfree in the porewater. Some of the future challenges include establishing a standard approach for PSM measurements, correcting for nonequilibrium conditions, establishing guidance for selection and implementation of PSMs, and translating and applying data collected by PSMs.

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