Histological and physiological effects of the central auditory prosthesis: surface versus penetrating electrodes [Abstract]

Abstract

To rehabilitate profoundly deaf patients who are not suitable for cochlear implants, central auditory prostheses have been implanted. Penetrating and surface electrical stimulation of the cochlear nucleus was tested on guinea pigs and cats. Electrophysiological, autoradiographic and histological measures were used to study effects of the central auditory prostheses on the auditory pathway. The animals were anaesthetised with ketamine hydrochloride (40 mg/kg i.p.) and xylazine (3.8 mg/kg i.p.) during the experiment. The results showed that a successful electrically evoked auditory brainstem response (EABR) could be recorded with both surface and penetrating electrodes in cats and guinea pigs. In guinea pigs the penetrating electrodes had advantages over surface arrays in the sense of lower thresholds and wider dynamic ranges. In cats penetrating electrodes showed lower thresholds than surface ones. In cats and guinea pigs stimulated with either surface or penetrating electrodes, evoked 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) label was found in the auditory pathway from the cochlear nucleus to the inferior colliculus. No non-auditory tissues were found with evoked 2-DG label. Histological results showed that in the guinea pig cochlear stimulated with penetrating electrodes the neuron density was decreased, and the mean soma area was increased compared with the control side. In the cat, penetrating electrodes were associated only with increased mean soma area in parts of the stimulated cochlear nucleus. These results suggest that the physiological advantages of penetrating electrodes over surface ones were achieved with some trade-off in safety, especially in the guinea pig.